Hurricanes Devastating Natural Disasters - 999 Words

Hurricanes are one of nature’s deadliest natural disasters. They cause massive property damage to towns and cities in the warmer hemospheres all over the world. In 2004, for example, the United States of America was hit by Hurricane Katrina, one of the most devastating natural disasters to hit the USA. Hurricane Katrina destroyed huge parts of Louisiana, but also affected Mississippi, Alabama and even states farther up north like New Jersey and even Pennsylvania. Hurricanes are put into 5 categories. The categories rate the hurricanes from weakest to strongest. Most hurricanes form around the equator. The World Meteorologists Organization names hurricanes to better keep track of them. Hurricanes are an awesome but deadly force that should be respected. Hurricanes are very powerful. They can range vastly in size, power and destructive capability. Hurricanes come in five categories. Each category is stronger than the last and the higher the category the bigger the hurr icane is. Category 1 hurricanes have sustained winds that range from 75 to 95 miles per hour(Stewart) and can cause minor damage to man made structures. Category 2 hurricanes are a little bigger, with wind that ranges from 96 to 110 miles per hour(Stewart) and can damage homes but not destroy them.. Category 3 hurricanes have winds that range from 111 to 130 miles per hour(Stewart). Category 3 hurricanes can rip trees from the ground and destroy small houses and other small man made structures.Show MoreRelatedDisaster : The Causes And Effects Of Natural Disasters1012 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are natural disasters? Natural disasters are defined as any disastrous event caused by nature or the natural movements of the earth, itself. How severe a disaster is is determined by how bad a loss the economy has suffered, how many lives were lost, and whether or not it will be possible to rebuild the city/town and population effected. 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A myriad of publicatio ns like Come Hell or High Water, Overcoming Katrina, and There is NoRead MoreSocial Media Negatives780 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent events, like politics and natural disasters, social media can widely benefit us to getting this news quickly and efficiently. A great example of how social media gives us our news quickly is with the recent devastating events of hurricane Harvey. When this devastating hurricane hit in Houston, Tx, news outlets used social media to help let people know what safety precautions to take and what the people could do to help those who were greatly affected by the hurricane. The down side of the easy

Biography of Zaha Hadid Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Biography of Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid. Answer: Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid was an Iraqi British architect, born on 31st of October in the year 1950. Inthe year 2004, Zaha Hadid became the first woman to recieve the Pritzker Architecture Prize. The architect has also won the Stirling Prize, which is the United Kingdoms most prestigious award in the field of architecture. For the services in architecture, Elizabeth II made Zaha Hadid the Dame (Zaha Hadid, 2018). The Guardian described the architect with Queen of the Curve title. Zaha Hadid was the only woman to receive the honor of Royal Gold Medal given by the Royal Institute of British Architects. The major projects that was undertaken by Zaha Hadid are Maxxi, Bridge Pavilion, Maggies Centre, Contemporary Arts Centre. The architect also constructed the aquatic centre, which was a part of the London Olympics in the year 2012. There were a number of projects that were under construction when the architect passed away. The most important and major project among these was the Al Wakrah Stadium that is present in Qatar. This stadium is also a venue for the 2022 Fifa World Cup. The architect passed away on the 31st of March, 2016 in Florida at the age of sixty five. References: Zaha-Hadid.Com. https://www.zaha-hadid.com

PovertyDisappearing American Dream Essays (1075 words)

While you are hanging out with your friends in a luxurious club; or driving your polished car to work, the word ?poverty? has probably never crossed your mind. It is true that most of us do not realize how serious this issue has become, and more effort should be taken. According to the US Census Bureau, the official poverty rate in 2008 for US was 13.2 percent?a statistically significant increase since it was 12.5 percent in 2007. That counts 39.8 million people (19% of them are children under the age of 18) are living under poverty and that number was the highest in past fifty years. The reality hurts. As poverty has become more and more devastating, it makes people wonder what causes the rich to be richer and the poor to be poorer. Amount many theories proposed by so called ?economists?, I think the central idea is that we are neglecting the truth?there is not enough social equality for the poor, and a lacking of social mobility. Although we cannot change the fact that we were born differently and those who were born in rich families took a big advantage in their early life, what we want to pursuit later on in our lives determine what we will end up being. But it seems hopeless for the poor to seek for their American Dreams, which once means that you would success if you work harder. Because of social inequality, the poor has have less opportunity. Angela Locke, a writer for the feminist news journal off our backs, in her article ?Born Poor and Smart (2005)? describes that poor people are treated unequally such as their intelligence is scorned within the ranks of the poor. (Locke, 2008, 2) Locke?s mom is an assiduous, loyal and diligent worker, with years and years hard working in E-Z Bargain Center and assembly line, she finally got a position in the lab of Nestle factory?making coffee for her male coworkers! (Locke, 2008, 3) Was that because she was not smart enough? No, it was because she came from a poor family. At the same time, Herbert J. Gans, a professor of sociology at Columbia University, in his article "The War Against the Poor (1992)" also claims that poverty is not being treated properly. ?Conservatives, often mute about the responsibilities of the rich, stress the responsibilities of the poor,? Gans stated. (Gans, 2008, 26) Lack of education, basic healthcare, job supply, and so forth, poor people rarely have access to experts or to clinical treatment, so how would we expect them to take their responsibilities if we cannot treat them equally? An article named ?Middle of the Class? publicized on in The Economist?a weekly magazine published in England by The Economist Group, emphasizes that ?equality of opportunity is under threat.? (The Economist, 2008, 1) Statistic show that with a 200 percent income increase in the past quarter-century, the rich have been doing dramatically better than the less well off. The middle class had an 18 percent increase, but the bottom fifth only received 4.4 percent of total national income. (The Economist, 2008, 3) It use to be possible if you start at the bottom of a big firm and work your way up, but now facing more and more college graduates, the opportunities for poor to get a decent degree is even less, let alone a well paid job. Increasing tuition and stiffer competition has driven the poor into an impasse. Social inequalities create an invisible barrier for the poor to escape poverty. What makes matter worse is that it also generates a lack of social mobility, which makes it even harder for poor people to breaking away. Our author Gans suggests that there is a drastic scarcity of work for the poor. (Gans, 2008, 27) Ironically, many Americans, including too many economists, have long believed that jobs supplied are always more than jobs demanded, and it is ridiculous to be truly jobless. (Gans, 2008, 27) Sadly the truth is just the opposite. There were no longer decent jobs that are open to the poor, especially to blacks. With the poor?s dropping out of the labor force, their only chance to escape poverty has also vanished. Similarly, The Economist

Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Example

Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Example Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Chemistry of the stratosphere Essay Measurements can be taken using the helium balloons. A 10 miles long cord is used to attach the balloon and the measuring device which can be reeled in and out to take measurements at different altitudes. Spectroscopic measurements can also be taken from the ground stations by looking upwards through the vertical column of the air. Laboratory measurements We need to know which species absorb solar radiation, the wavelength of the radiation absorbed and the strength of the radiation. It is also important to know which products are formed as a result of which reaction and the rate of the reaction, using the flash photolysis technique. In this, an intense laser flash starts the reaction and the composition is measured spectroscopically using a carefully times second flash. Meteorology It is essential to know about the conditions in the stratosphere and the how the gases mix up. Distances are vast in the stratosphere and the mixing between the vertical layers is slow, whereas air circulating around latitude lines, help gasses to mix within a layer. The information collected by the sources mentioned above is used to create models and therefore make predictions. Evidence that led scientists to link ozone depletion with the use of CFCs In 1972, a method of detecting the CFCs in the troposphere was developed. A gas chromatograph was used to split the air into different components. This was coupled to an electron-capture detector which was sensitive to the halogen compounds. Small concentrations of CCl3F in rural areas were detected, which was able to diffuse intact to Antarctica. It was thought that a CFC molecule would get involved in the following reaction. The Cl radicals could destroy the ozone in the reaction shown in the diagram. This information lead to the conclusion that Cl radicals had a very long lifetime and one radical could destroy 100 000 molecules of ozone. Extensive global monitoring of CFCs was carried out and this amount was compared with the amounts released in troposphere and it was concluded that most of the molecules released were still there. The chemicals reactions by which ozone is depleted in the stratosphere and why ozone depletion is most severe over Antarctica in the southern spring. Ozone depletion occurs by the release of CFCs and some other ozone-depleting substances. A single chlorine atom can break about 1million ozone molecules. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, the strong ultraviolet radiation from the sun breaks them apart, releasing chlorine which react with ozone. Cl + O3 ClO + O2 ClO formed is another radical which reacts with oxygen atoms. ClO + O2 Cl + O2 This could start the chemical cycles of ozone destruction depleting the ozone layer. Cl atoms are regenerated and can go on to react with more O3 Following is another way that the ozone could be removed. O + O3 O2 + O2 Hydroxyl radicals can also play a part in the depletion of ozone. HO + O3 HO2 + O2 The HO2 could then react with oxygen atoms. HO2 + O HO + O2 The ozone depletion is most severe over Antarctica in the southern spring which results from the weather conditions in winter because the sun disappears for a period of six months. Air cools down making the temperature fall and clouds form in the stratosphere. These clouds contain particles of nitric acid triydrate (HNO33H2O) below 195K which are frozen around the sulphuric acid nuclei. A decrease in temperature leads to the condensation of water vapour as ice on the surface of these particles. The solid particles provide a surface for the chemical reactions to take place. Chlorine reservoirs collect on these surfaces and react. HCl + ClONO2 cloud Cl2 + HNO3 surface These chlorine atoms are released into the stratosphere. Te return of sunlight after six months splits the chlorine molecules into chlorine atoms which leads to dramatic fall in the ozone concentration. Why the CFCs have been used so widely and the advantages and disadvantages of their replacements Chlorofluorocarbons are found to combine lox toxicity, high chemical stability and non-flammability with good performance. CFCs and the HCFCs were use as refrigerants because they have appropriate boiling point which is low enough to evaporate efficiently but high enough to liquefy by compression. They also have a freezing point low enough to prevent the liquid from solidifying. CFCs were used for several applications, which include air conditioners, water chillers, aerosols, domestic fridges and freezers, dry cleaning and biomedical freezers. After discovering about the ozone depletion related to the use of CFCs, various other substances were to be found which would be environmentally friendly. HFCs seemed like the solution. The hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) compounds contain only carbon, hydrogen and fluorine. They are chosen because they contain fluorine as their only halogen. Free fluorine atoms can only be liberated from a fluorine-containing substance by putting in a considerable amount of energy. This required energy input is far more than is available in the solar radiation I the stratosphere. If the fluorine atom was to be produced, it would be highly reactive and would abstract a hydrogen atom from a molecule like water to form an inert hydrogen fluoride. No free fluorine atoms in the stratosphere would lead to no ozone destruction. Also, HFCs are usually destroyed in the lower atmosphere by hydroxyl radicals so only a small proportion can reach the stratosphere. The disadvantage of using HFCs is that the equipment was designed to optimise the performance of CFCs and HCFCs and the use of HFCs would mean the redesigning of all the equipment. In future, cooling technologies not involving HFCs maybe introduced, especially where they have technical advantages and where the potential hazards can be easily controlled. Bibliography 1) How do we know that CFCs destroy the ozone layer? By Mike Pilling. Chemistry Review, March 1993. Philip Allan Publishers Ltd. 2) The rise and fall of CFCs by Dr Richard Dick Powel. Chemistry Review, September 1996. Philip Allan Publishers Ltd:Â  epa.gov

The Influence of OBAOR Strategy in the GCC Countries Thesis Proposal

The Influence of OBAOR Strategy in the GCC Countries - Thesis Proposal Example This essay analyzes that UAE is considered as one of the advancing economies globally in a list that has India and China. While UAE enjoys close ties with nations such as the EU and the U.S. the nation’s still maintain close trade ties with Iran and other nations in the Middle East. It is known that the Western nations have placed trade sanctions on some nations that are considered to have violated human rights as well as being led by authoritarian administrations. It is from this context that it remains to be seen how the U.S. and the EU will precede in terms of the trade relations with UAE and other nations in the Gulf Region. The decision by GCC nations to form a regional economic block and by extension a free trade area is seen as one of the greatest step by the nations in the region. It is also significant Middle East states to take control of international trade, not just in the region but other regions such as Europe and Southern parts of the world. However, the strateg ies put in place can be said to be working as trade activities appear to be on the rise in the said regions. It is often assumed that the formation of trading blocs is aimed at creating some form of monopoly, particularly when the nations involved have some common characteristics. GCC nations are primarily oil producing countries. It can, therefore, be argued that the major motivation of the GCC was to try and monopolize oil prices and by extension the oil industry. Despite the numerous challenges, the general economic prospects in this region remain positive.

No need for topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No need for topic - Essay Example It is important to note that moral reasoning is critical to personal and organizational welfare. This makes it necessary to assess moral reasoning stages and how they inform managers’ execution of this practice. James Weber’s article â€Å"Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning† is critically linked to key organizational practices. In any given organization, moral and ethical issues emerge from time to time. To address such emerging issues, leaders and managers rely on frameworks that are functional and relevant to organizational operations. The primary focus of the article, therefore, relates to morals and ethics and how they influence organizational culture. This article review will be undertaken on the basis of how well moral reasoning concepts can be employed in assessing managers’ behaviors and decisions. The article â€Å"Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning† by James Weber is text that primarily focuses on moral reasoning within the organizational context. To present his arguments, James Weber adopts Lawrence Kohlberg’s concepts related to this matter. Specifically, Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral judgment and standard issue scoring method are considered (Weber 296-303). This adaptation is subsequently linked to managers’ practice of resolving moral/ethical-based conflicts. The two concepts adopted by Weber are spread across different organizational aspects. These differentiated aspects help in the assessment of managers’ practice of moral reasoning. The idea is to understand why managers handle moral and ethical issues the way they do. On the same note, the article focuses on what informs managers’ rationality in addressing the said issues within an organization. The specific aspects presented by Weber with regard to moral judgment interview and standard issue scoring

Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Example for Free

Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Justice is the topic which has been the main subject of most philosophers; a quick definition for justice could be the quality of being fair and reasonable. A lot of philosophers have written on this subject and have had debates. Two of the most significant ones are Plato and Aristotle, who are two leading figures of ancient Greek civilization and both thought about justice and established theories about the aspects of being just. Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Plato. Aristotle studied under Plato and remained in his academy for 20 years in Athens but left the academy after Plato’s death. Aristotle and Plato had different philosophies about many subjects like justice and injustice, the function of humans, truth, the human soul, art, and politics. Starting with Plato (427 BC-347 BC) one of the most important philosophers of the world and the founder of â€Å"The Academy†. Plato’s most famous work is â€Å"The Republic† in which he draws the qualities of a just individual and a just city state by explaining the sublime nature of justice. His beliefs of finding justice in an individual will require finding it in the perfect city (which consists of people). His major questions that were pursued in the rest of his work were: â€Å"What is Justice? † And â€Å"is one better off or happier being just rather than unjust? † Plato faces a situation where he raised a question and he has several answers provided by several traditions, and he also has a new answer of his own. Aristotle (384-322 BC) is one of the founders of modern Western thought with Socrates and Plato. He was tutored by Socrates’ student Plato, later became very effective in the progress of the idea of scientism and scholastic ideology. Aristotle in his famous work â€Å"The Nicomachean Ethics† explains the virtuous and superior nature of justice where he claims that justice can mean either lawfulness or fairness, since injustice is lawlessness and unfairness. In his opinion, laws push and inspire people to act virtuously so, the just person who by definition is lawful, will necessarily be virtuous. I am going to compare how these two philosophers compare and contrast when it comes to their own political theories regarding the ideal state and how to define justice in it. To compare the political theories of two great philosophers of politics is to first examine each theory in depth. Plato is regarded by many experts as the first writer of political philosophy, and Aristotle is recognized as the first political scientist. These two men were great thinkers. They each had ideas of how to  improve existing societies during their individual lifetimes. It is necessary to look at several areas of each theory to seek the difference and similarities in each. Both philosophers had common points and some differences, starting with Plato, where in the beginning of his conversation with Thrasymachus (Plato, The Republic ,Page 19), the latter defines justice as â€Å"what is the interest of the stronger party†. Socrates goes on to refute this definition by saying that the stronger party can be at fault sometimes, and a ruler can make mistakes. One of the questions that Plato pursued in his work was the one proposed by Thrasymachus who suggests that the pursuit of self-interest or injustice pays better than that the pursuit of justice. Socrates states that the injustice would create disagreement and weakness instead of strength. He says that injustice causes problems and weakens the group â€Å"†¦ whether it occurs in a state or family or army or in anything else: it renders it incapable of any common action because of factions and quarrels, and sets it at variance with itself and with its opponents and with whatever is just† (Plato, The Republic, page 38). The best, rational and righteous political order leads to the harmonious unity of a society and allows all the city’s parts to pursue happiness but not at the expense of others. Plato showed what justice is in the state and then in the soul. He drew a state in which all basic needs are met. The Guardians consist of non-ruling Guardians and ruling Guardians. The non-rulers are a higher level of civil servants and the ruling is the societys policy architects. Auxiliaries are soldiers and civil servants and finally the workers who are most commonly unskilled laborers. The Guardians are to be wise and good rulers. It is important that the rulers who arise must be a class of craftsmen who are public-spirited in temperament and skilled in the arts of government areas. The guardians are to be placed in a position in which they are absolute rulers. They are supposed to be the select few who know what is best for society. As far as politics, he stated in the Republic that philosopher rulers who possess knowledge of the good should be the governors in a city-state. Plato’s ruling ideology is briefed as the â€Å"rule of the best man†, the philosopher king who alone knows the ideal standards for the state. Also, ruling is a skill; as the best man must be trained to rule. Ruling is also an perfection. Aristotle’s ruling philosophy can be summarized as the â€Å"rule of the best laws† – a well ordered constitution which entails good governance. For him, although ruling is a skill and an ideal as well; it is also a science (although Aristotle understands politics as a normative or prescriptive discipline rather than as a â€Å"purely† empirical or descriptive inquiry). Plato believed that each man is better by sticking to one occupation in which he excels in. â€Å"Social justice aims at promoting the good of the city as a whole; it does that by dividing social labors and by assigning optimal social functions to all the citizens equally†(Gerasimos Santas, Goodness and Justice Plato Aristotle and the moderns page 103). Plato valued the skills of all people, and believed that the perfect polis would be one in which every citizen would do his part according to his abilities, and there would be no unique marks between the rich and the poor. Platos ethical ideal of the successful running of the city and the internal harmony of the citizen who runs it is the main ethical aim. Plato maintains a virtue-based eudemonistic ethics. His model of the just state was one where all the parts function for the benefit of the whole, and the whole benefits the parts. â€Å"His first argument is that the matching of citizens to their optimal social functions makes possible and preserves the other social virtues and the good they promote†. (Gerasimos Santas, Goodness and Justice Plato Aristotle and the moderns page 90). According to Plato ethics is a form of knowledge, it is the knowledge of measurement of short-term and long-term consequences. Plato also appealed to a model of harmonious functioning by saying that the soul has its divisions just as the state does. He develops the view that being a good person in an ethical sense involves achieving internal harmony of the parts of the soul. Essentially what Plato wants to achieve is a perfect society. Justice in the soul is likewise a matter of each part of the soul performing its own and proper function. An individual is wise in the virtue of reason ruling in him and brave in the virtue of the spirited part playing its role. An individual is temperate if his inferior bodily appetites are ruled by his reason. And justice belongs to its total ordering. Moreover, the just man will rarely exist except in the just state, where at least some men, the future rulers are systematically educated in justice. But the just state cannot possibly exist except where there are just men; Plato brings the ideal of the philosopher king. Aristotle, differs from Plato here in the way that he is not concerned with perfecting society, he just wants to improve on the existing one. Rather than produce a plan for the perfect society, Aristotle suggested that the society itself should improve to adapt the best system; therefore he relied on the logical tactic. â€Å"Utopia† (Plato’s perfect city) is an abstract solution because there is no real proof that all societies are in need of all that change like Plato wanted. Aristotle discovered that the best possible has already been obtained. All that can be done is to try to improve on the existing one. He disagreed with Plato’s point of â€Å"each man (or groups) sticks to one job, he thought that idea of one class holding discontinuing political power will not result positively. The failure to allow circulation between classes eliminates those men who may be ambitious, and wise, but are not in the right class of society to hold any type of political power. He quotes It is a further objection that he deprives his Guardians even of happiness, maintaining that happiness of the whole state which should be the object of legislation what he is saying is that Guardians sacrifice their happiness for power and control, and those guardian who lead a strict lifestyle like that will impose that kind of lifestyle on their society. Both Plato and Aristotle have a common point when it comes to justice. For both, the end of the state is ethical; as justice is the basis for the ideal state, For Plato, the individual and the state are one, as they both have a tripartite nature of which justice is the result of a sound balance of these three parts. Aristotle asserts that the city-state (polis) comes into being for the sake of life, but exists for the sake of the good life. It is mainly about justice existing in an objective sense, or in other words, a belief that the good and just life should be available for all individuals no matter how high or low their social status is â€Å"In democracies, for example, justice is considered to mean equality, in oligarchies, again inequality in the distribution of office is considered to be just, â€Å"says Aristotle. Plato sees the justice and law as what sets the guidelines for societal behavior. Aristotle said, The people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best (Edward A.Hacker, Aristotelian logic, p 92). Plato would never allow the full public participation in government as Aristotle would like. According to Plato public judgments of approval and disapproval are based on belief and not on knowledge (Edward A. Hacker, Aristotelian logic, p 96). Aristotles ethics are based on his view of the Universe. He saw it as a hierarchy in which everything has a function. The highest form of existence is the life of the rational being, and the function of lower beings is to serve this form of life. According to him, justice must be distributed proportionately. For instance, a tailor and a farmer cannot exchange clothes for food, since clothes and food are not of equal value. Aristotle’s equation of justice with lawfulness can create a problem since laws can be unjust too. However, he refutes this idea again by separating political justice from domestic justice. â€Å"The function of the law is to lay down sound and balances principals of character-formation, in the light of which it should be the function of educational practice to accustom various kinds of people, each in different ways, to refrain from greed and thereby arrive at an equalization of desires† (W.Von Leyden, Aristotle on equality and justice, his political argument p 82). According to him, although political justice and domestic justice are related, they are also distinct. Political justice is about laws since â€Å"justice exists only between men whose mutual relations are governed by law† (The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, book 5, part 6). So, political justice is governed by the rule of law, while domestic justice relies more on respect. Thus, Aristotle says â€Å"the justice of a master and that of a father are not the same as the justice of citizens† (The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, book 5, part 6). Aristotle regarded the concept of justice as necessary to satisfy social equality. But he also wanted to argue that justice is based on a background of laws and rules. Aristotle begins to define justice by saying that â€Å"we observe that everyone means by justice the disposition which makes us doers of just actions, that makes us do what is just and wish that is just. † (The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, book 5 chapters 1). The rest of Aristotle’s procedure in his attempt to define justice is explaining the just actions in terms of laws. Therefore the unjust person is the one who doesn’t follow the law (unlawful), which is where his two definitions of justice come from. The 1st one, â€Å"general justice† identified with what is lawful in our behavior; the 2nd one â€Å"particular justice† that is identified with the distribution of honor and wealth. Plato and Aristotle had very different views about the functions of the human. Plato refutes the idea that backs that injustice is better than justice. He argued that injustice was not very helpful for setting up a model city. Virtue for the model city was derived from the individuals living in the city and their capability to fulfill their functions. He defined human function as ruling, thinking, living, and taking care of the purposes attributed to each in a city. He defined a person’s purpose in relation to his position in the society and his existence in relation to a community. Aristotle argues about the method to achieving ultimate good by searching for happiness by every single person. He believed that happiness or the pursuit of it was the ultimate end, and people worked their way to achieve the ultimate end which is happiness. Happiness, according to him, was attained if one fulfilled one’s reasons, purposes, meanings, and expressions in the best way possible. His views focused on the individual rather than a society or community as a whole. He had a more individualistic point of view. Aristotle disagrees with Plato on another idea. Platos worldview rendered the material, physical world less important than the realm of ideas and abstractions. According to him, the world we see around us consists of imperfect copies of the ideal versions of the same things that are accessible to us only through our minds, and therefore our time is better spent contemplating the better, real, abstractions than their flawed manifestations. Aristotle does not share this worldview, but I will not get into this idea. Their philosophies were different from each other in many subjects, but the most important philosophy which sets the differentiation is the human purpose. Plato believed in a community or society as one and the function of humans in relation to it for achieving a model society. Aristotle was more individualistic and believed in individual happiness as the main function of humans and their achievement by being excellent in what they did and thus forming a model society or city. Although, Plato and Aristotle agree on the concept of an ideal state, they still disagree on deeper issues as Aristotle distanced himself from Plato, who was his mentor, at some point. Plato and Aristotle constructed two utopian state models in which in order to provide justice the ruling power is given to a philosopher king (in Aristotle’s model) or a class of philosopher Guardians who are able to produce better knowledge (in Plato’s model). But rather than giving the ruling power to an elite, in order to provide justice we could raise just children who will be just citizens in the future. Platos philosophy tends toward the metaphysically excessive. He is not bound by realism or model, but allows his imagination to wander into theoretical areas most people today would dismiss as irrelevant and unrealistic. His political philosophy, for instance, is utopian. He sets for himself the task of imagining the ideal way to structure and govern a society, and ends up with an impressively inventive and elaborate scheme, but one that tolerates little resemblance to how human beings ever have or likely ever will interact politically in the real world. Aristotles philosophy is much more grounded in realism and common sense and logical. Hes more about describing the world as it is than going too far in the direction of speculating about how it should be. In contrast to Platos utopian political philosophy, Aristotles political philosophy has a large component of descriptive political science. When he does argue for certain political schemes, they tend to be positive improvements on existing systems. Plato and Aristotle have a lot of differences in both style and material, but what they have in common is that both are still being read nowadays, and still are inspirational and they both challenge philosophers and students all over the world. Sources used: 1- The Republic: Author: Plato Published by: Penguin Classics 2- The Nicomachean Ethics: Author: Aristotle Published by: Penguin Classics 3- Goodness and Justice, Plato, Aristotle, and the Moderns: Author: Gerasimos Santas Published by: Blackwell Publishers 4- Aristotle on equality and justice, his political argument: Author: W. Von Leyden Published by: Macmillan 5- Aristotelian logic: Author: William Thomas Parry, Edward A. Hacker Published by: State University of New York, Albany.